{"id":33829,"date":"2020-08-20T16:23:37","date_gmt":"2020-08-20T22:23:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.uchealth.org\/today\/?p=33829"},"modified":"2024-07-29T14:44:49","modified_gmt":"2024-07-29T20:44:49","slug":"coronavirus-mutations-not-necessarily-cause-for-alarm","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.uchealth.org\/today\/coronavirus-mutations-not-necessarily-cause-for-alarm\/","title":{"rendered":"Coronavirus mutations not (necessarily) cause for alarm"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;\" class=\"sharethis-inline-share-buttons\" ><\/div><figure id=\"attachment_33831\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-33831\" style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-33831\" src=\"https:\/\/uchealth-wp-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2020\/08\/20161343\/Getty-covid-DNA-mutation-tiny.webp\" alt=\"man looking into a microscope at coronavirus mutation, while DNA shows on the screen.\" width=\"650\" height=\"366\" srcset=\"https:\/\/uchealth-wp-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2020\/08\/20161343\/Getty-covid-DNA-mutation-tiny.webp 800w, https:\/\/uchealth-wp-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2020\/08\/20161343\/Getty-covid-DNA-mutation-tiny-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/uchealth-wp-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2020\/08\/20161343\/Getty-covid-DNA-mutation-tiny-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/uchealth-wp-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2020\/08\/20161343\/Getty-covid-DNA-mutation-tiny-150x84.webp 150w, https:\/\/uchealth-wp-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2020\/08\/20161343\/Getty-covid-DNA-mutation-tiny-200x113.webp 200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-33831\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The coronavirus\u2019s RNA genome consists of about 30,000 base pairs. Since Chinese scientists first decoded the virus\u2019s genetic code in December, it has accumulated an average of one or two random mutations a month. Source: Getty Images.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: black;font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif;font-size: 10.5pt\">Virus mutations (updated Dec. 22, 2020)<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"color: black;font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif;font-size: 10.5pt\">Scientists in Britain and South Africa\u00a0announced in late December that they have identified a variant strain of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. This is not uncommon or unexpected as respiratory viruses can mutate frequently. Preliminary reports suggest the new version of the virus can be spread more quickly than the common version we have seen in Colorado for the past nine months.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: black;font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif;font-size: 10.5pt\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: black;font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif;font-size: 10.5pt\">It is possible that this or other variations of the virus could appear in Colorado. We believe our current infection prevention guidelines for PPE, masking, hand hygiene and limiting gatherings of people are the best way to protect our health care workers, patients and the public from any strains of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that might appear. The different strain should have no impact on the ability of the COVID-19 vaccine to work.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Original story (Aug. 20, 2020)<\/h3>\n<p>Organisms mutate. That\u2019s often a good thing. If it weren\u2019t for mutations, we might all still be single-celled organisms clinging to hydrothermal vents in the ocean\u2019s black depths.<\/p>\n<p>Mutations \u2013 random, inevitable changes to life\u2019s genomic code \u2013 don\u2019t always turn slime into Shakespeare, though. Viruses mutate also.<\/p>\n<p>SARS-CoV-2, the virus behind the COVID-19 pandemic, is no exception. The coronavirus\u2019s RNA genome consists of about 30,000 base pairs. Since Chinese scientists first decoded the virus\u2019s genetic code in December, it has accumulated an average of one or two random mutations a month. One in particular, called D614G, may well have boosted disease\u2019s infectiousness.<\/p>\n<p>That particular coronavirus mutation has raised questions about the future of the coronavirus \u2013 and, by extension, the possible impact on the civilization the virus has attacked.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif;font-size: 11pt\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><strong>Viral mutations come and gone<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Viral mutations have been well documented. The 1918 Spanish flu pandemic was caused by a virus that mutated (probably from waterfowl who weren\u2019t bothered by it) to infect humans. That virus, H1N1, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3507676\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">hung around<\/a> in people until 1957, when some combination of mutations and increasing immunity caused it to fade from our species. In 1977, a mutated version of H1N1 emerged again and jumped from pigs to humans in China. The same thing happened in 2009, causing the H1N1 swine flu <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/pandemic-flu\/php\/monitoring\/virus-description.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">outbreak<\/a>. That H1N1 strain still circulates as a seasonal flu virus whose mutations have now changed fully 15 percent of the original Spanish flu genome. The good news: in general, H1N1 has become less virulent with time.<\/p>\n<p>That\u2019s not by chance. If you\u2019re a virus with the sole goal of proliferating as widely as possible, mutating to cause a mellower infection makes sense. (Even HIV may be evolving into <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newscientist.com\/article\/dn26643-hiv-evolves-into-less-deadly-form\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a less-dangerous form<\/a>.)<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_33837\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-33837\" style=\"width: 376px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33837\" src=\"https:\/\/uchealth-wp-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2020\/08\/20164758\/coronavirus-mutation-tiny.webp\" alt=\"view of the coronavirus mutation\" width=\"376\" height=\"405\" srcset=\"https:\/\/uchealth-wp-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2020\/08\/20164758\/coronavirus-mutation-tiny.webp 376w, https:\/\/uchealth-wp-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2020\/08\/20164758\/coronavirus-mutation-tiny-279x300.webp 279w, https:\/\/uchealth-wp-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2020\/08\/20164758\/coronavirus-mutation-tiny-139x150.webp 139w, https:\/\/uchealth-wp-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2020\/08\/20164758\/coronavirus-mutation-tiny-200x215.webp 200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 376px) 100vw, 376px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-33837\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A computer model of the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2. A recently identified mutation subtly changed the spike\u2019s shape and, probably, made the coronavirus more contagious. Image courtesy of NIH and UT Austin\/McClellan Lab.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u201cIn general, viruses do want to replicate better and faster and spread themselves faster,\u201d said <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uchealth.org\/provider\/thomas-campbell-md-ms-internal-medicine-1\/\">Dr. Thomas Campbell<\/a>, a University of Colorado School of Medicine and UCHealth infectious-disease specialist.<\/p>\n<p>But other flu types have mutated less happily for humans. H3N2, another seasonal flu, originated in Hong Kong <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/bird-flu\/avian-timeline\/1960-1999.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">in 1968<\/a> and has mutated such that the antibodies that normally alert our immune system to the virus have a hard time binding to it. H3N2 influenza now almost universally has that mutation, one was first detected during the 2014-2015 flu season.<\/p>\n<p>The D614G coronavirus mutation spread even faster. At some point earlier this year, an A changed to a G at position 23,403 of the coronavirus\u2019s RNA genome. It was a classic random mutation, one that could have hurt the virus\u2019s fitness, helped it, or made no difference at all. In this case, the mutation subtly changed the shape of the necks of the spike proteins protruding from it.<\/p>\n<p>One research team investigating the mutation in a lab has concluded that the change made the spike <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2020.06.12.148726v1.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">stronger<\/a> and therefore better able to maintain its shape and bind like a key to the lock of a human cell\u2019s ACE2 receptors. That team\u2019s conclusion followed that of the team that had <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cell.com\/cell\/fulltext\/S0092-8674(20)30820-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported<\/a> the mutation in the journal <em>Cell<\/em>. The mutation made the G614 version of the coronavirus perhaps 10 times more likely to spread, cell-for-cell in a lab setting, than the original D614 coronavirus that took root in China.<\/p>\n<p>Today, pretty much every coronavirus case has the G614 mutation.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Bad news and good news about coronavirus mutation<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>In a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cell.com\/cell\/pdf\/S0092-8674(20)30817-5.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">commentary<\/a> accompanying the <em>Cell<\/em> study\u2019s findings, scientists noted that the new variant\u2019s vastly greater infectiousness in the lab doesn\u2019t necessarily translate into the same thing in the noses and lungs of human beings. In addition, the G614 mutation that became dominant could also have done so through random chance \u2013 combined with the fact that Chinese spread of disease with the D614 variant had slowed to a trickle by the time the G614 version was rampaging through Europe, the United States and beyond. But from what we know about Darwinism, the mutation probably conferred a competitive advantage.<\/p>\n<p>If the bad news is that the mutation probably makes the coronavirus more infectious and therefore hard to stop its spread, the good news is that the mutation doesn\u2019t appear to make the disease of COVID&#8211;19 more severe. And while D614G mutation changes slightly the shape of the coronavirus\u2019s notorious surface-spike proteins, the change doesn\u2019t appear to impact the binding site atop of the protein spike. That binding site is what SARS-CoV-2 viruses use to unlock human cells \u2013 and it\u2019s also the primary target of the most promising vaccine-development efforts.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_33832\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-33832\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-33832\" src=\"https:\/\/uchealth-wp-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2020\/08\/20161347\/TomCambell-Coronavirus-mutations-tiny.webp\" alt=\"Dr. Campbell talks about coronavirus mutation.\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/uchealth-wp-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2020\/08\/20161347\/TomCambell-Coronavirus-mutations-tiny.webp 800w, https:\/\/uchealth-wp-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2020\/08\/20161347\/TomCambell-Coronavirus-mutations-tiny-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/uchealth-wp-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2020\/08\/20161347\/TomCambell-Coronavirus-mutations-tiny-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/uchealth-wp-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2020\/08\/20161347\/TomCambell-Coronavirus-mutations-tiny-150x84.webp 150w, https:\/\/uchealth-wp-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2020\/08\/20161347\/TomCambell-Coronavirus-mutations-tiny-200x113.webp 200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-33832\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Thomas Campbell, a University of Colorado School of Medicine and UCHealth infectious-disease specialist.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u201cThe mutation seems to have spread more rapidly around the world than the original virus that was first described in Wuhan, China, in December,\u201d Campbell said. \u201cAs far as we know, this specific mutation should not affect the efficacy of vaccines as it\u2019s not located at the part of the spike protein where vaccines would have their specific effect.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Mutations can bedevil vaccine developers, though, says Campbell, who is leading the Colorado site of the major <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uchealth.org\/today\/moderna-coronavirus-vaccine-trial-colorado-uchealth-university-of-colorado-hospital\/\">Moderna vaccine trial<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Mutations have been \u201ca huge issue for developing an HIV vaccine, and it\u2019s also an issue with influenza vaccines,\u201d Campbell said. \u201cIt\u2019s a big reason why we have to have a different flu shot every year.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Thanks to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.asbmb.org\/asbmb-today\/science\/041020\/slipping-past-the-proofreader\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">built-in error-correction<\/a>, the novel coronavirus mutates slower than HIV and influenza viruses. That doesn\u2019t necessarily translate into an easier path to a vaccine \u2013 any more than rapidly mutating viruses such as measles thwarted vaccine developers.<\/p>\n<p>For now, the coronavirus has no need to evolve anyway. In a few short months, SARS-CoV-2 has taken up residence in all corners of the planet (save, for now, Antarctica). It took the single-celled vent-dwellers that became ants, oak trees, and us about four billion years to do the same.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; Virus mutations (updated Dec. 22, 2020) Scientists in Britain and South Africa\u00a0announced in late December that they have identified a variant strain of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. This is not uncommon or unexpected as respiratory viruses can mutate frequently. Preliminary reports suggest the new version of the virus can be spread more [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":33831,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[4859,4860,392,162],"class_list":["post-33829","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","tag-coronavirus","tag-covid-19","tag-infection-prevention","tag-infectious-diseases"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.4 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - 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