{"id":32150,"date":"2020-05-28T11:15:50","date_gmt":"2020-05-28T17:15:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.uchealth.org\/today\/?p=32150"},"modified":"2024-07-17T10:09:56","modified_gmt":"2024-07-17T16:09:56","slug":"is-herd-immunity-the-answer-to-the-covid-19-problem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.uchealth.org\/today\/is-herd-immunity-the-answer-to-the-covid-19-problem\/","title":{"rendered":"Heard \u2018herd immunity\u2019 is the answer to the coronavirus problem? Not so fast."},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;\" class=\"sharethis-inline-share-buttons\" ><\/div><p>Going out, getting sick, and hastening herd immunity seems to be bubbling up as an alternative to taking all-too-familiar steps in the name of buying time until a vaccine finally subdues the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n<p>That\u2019s a bad idea, though it\u2019s easy enough to understand its appeal.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_32157\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-32157\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-32157 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/uchealth-wp-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2020\/05\/28112952\/crowdtiny.webp\" alt=\"a large crowd with an opening of just a few in the middle, signifying herd immunity.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/uchealth-wp-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2020\/05\/28112952\/crowdtiny.webp 1200w, https:\/\/uchealth-wp-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2020\/05\/28112952\/crowdtiny-300x225.webp 300w, https:\/\/uchealth-wp-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2020\/05\/28112952\/crowdtiny-1024x768.webp 1024w, https:\/\/uchealth-wp-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2020\/05\/28112952\/crowdtiny-768x576.webp 768w, https:\/\/uchealth-wp-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2020\/05\/28112952\/crowdtiny-150x113.webp 150w, https:\/\/uchealth-wp-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2020\/05\/28112952\/crowdtiny-200x150.webp 200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-32157\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: Getty Images.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The metaphorical angel on one shoulder points to the realities of exponential viral growth and a consensus of infectious-disease specialists and epidemiologists: COVID-19 is highly contagious; the vast majority of us enjoy no immunity to it; health care institutions will, if the coronavirus is left unchecked, be overwhelmed; and people who could have been saved will die. That angel whispers, \u201cStay put. Wash hands. Wear the mask. Keep your distance. Avoid crowds.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>On the other shoulder, the devil appeals to our stir-craziness; our unemployment numbers; our desire for human contact; our frustrations of lost sports competitions, graduations, and vacations; and to the uncertain prospects about vaccinations. \u201cGo out. Get to work. Have fun again!\u201d that second voice beckons.<\/p>\n<p>That devil is suggesting, indirectly, that if enough of us get just on with our lives, fall ill, and recover, we\u2019ll develop herd immunity the good old-fashioned way. That\u2019s opposed to developing herd immunity the modern-medicine way, which is through a vaccine that spurs our bodies to recognize the coronavirus without having to fall ill and recover.<\/p>\n<p>Either way, herd immunity requires that enough of the population is immune that the disease can\u2019t keep spreading even if some people remain vulnerable. While that number varies depending on the disease, it\u2019s big. With measles \u2013 highly contagious \u2013 a population needs to achieve about 95% immunity to achieve herd immunity. With COVID-19, no one knows for sure yet, but best estimates fall in the 60% to 70% range. (FiveThirtyEight built a herd-immunity <a href=\"https:\/\/fivethirtyeight.com\/features\/without-a-vaccine-herd-immunity-wont-save-us\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">calculator <\/a>to show how this works. It accompanies an article titled \u201cWithout A Vaccine, Herd Immunity Won\u2019t Save Us.\u201d)<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Some numbers on herd immunity<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Let\u2019s ignore the possibility that COVID-19 is much more contagious than we think it is and go with a 60% herd-immunity threshold. The numbers for herd immunity still aren\u2019t good, and numbers matter with a disease that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uchealth.org\/today\/physical-distancing-critical-to-change-coronavirus-math\/\">spreads exponentially<\/a>.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_31281\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-31281\" style=\"width: 225px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-31281 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/uchealth-wp-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2020\/04\/27105610\/Jonathan-Samet.webp\" alt=\"Jonathan Samet\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/uchealth-wp-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2020\/04\/27105610\/Jonathan-Samet.webp 751w, https:\/\/uchealth-wp-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2020\/04\/27105610\/Jonathan-Samet-225x300.webp 225w, https:\/\/uchealth-wp-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2020\/04\/27105610\/Jonathan-Samet-113x150.webp 113w, https:\/\/uchealth-wp-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2020\/04\/27105610\/Jonathan-Samet-200x266.webp 200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-31281\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Jonathan Samet, dean of the University of Colorado School of Public Health, leads the state\u2019s COVID-19 Modeling Group.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Sixty percent of the U.S. population of 327 million is about 196 million people. As of mid-August,\u00a0 the number of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/coronavirus\/country\/us\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">confirmed U.S. cases<\/a> was approaching 5.15 million \u2013 way short of herd immunity, even if one assumes that undiagnosed COVID-19 illnesses dwarf those that have been confirmed through testing (best guesses are that the actual case count is five to 10 times higher).<\/p>\n<p>Simple arithmetic can help us understand how getting to herd immunity would push the health care system beyond the brink \u2013 the brink being the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.healthaffairs.org\/pb-assets\/documents\/blog\/blog_exhibit_2020_03_17_jha_1-1584462367887.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">estimated<\/a> 84,750 ICU beds in the United States. Let\u2019s assume that 0.2% of all symptomatic coronavirus cases are fatal (this is the rosiest of the CDC\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">latest estimates<\/a>, that all coronavirus fatalities are first sent to an ICU, and that ICUs are able to save 75% of COVID-19 patients. Let\u2019s also say 5% of the U.S. population is already immune \u2013 that\u2019s about the rate <a href=\"https:\/\/www.euronews.com\/2020\/05\/15\/analysis-how-close-are-we-to-covid-19-herd-immunity\">in Spain<\/a>, which has been hit similarly hard by the disease, adjusted for population.<\/p>\n<p>With those assumptions, getting to 60% herd immunity could cost about 234,000 additional lives in this country. Along the way, it could send about 935,000 people to ICUs. Assuming COVID-19 patients filled every ICU bed in the country (that is, no heart attacks, no strokes, no auto accidents, and so on), and that we could fine-tune our pursuit of herd immunity to precisely calibrate ICU patient loads to available capacity, we would need to endure about three months of maxed-out ICUs, assuming an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencemediacentre.org\/expert-comment-on-icu-recovery-data-on-covid-19\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">average stay of eight days<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Such precise ICU load calibration can\u2019t be done for several reasons: COVID-19\u2019s long incubation period; the number of asymptomatic but contagious cases; the lack of clarity in the nature of disease transmission; the uncertain future of social-distancing measures as the country opens up; and the dearth of testing, contact tracing, and quarantining. We would likely blow right past ICU capacity as we unflatten the curve and people who might otherwise live would die.<\/p>\n<p>How about in Colorado? The numbers are smaller but the proportions similar. We\u2019d need about 3.5 million of our 5.8 million people to contract and recover from COVID-19 to achieve 60% herd immunity; another 8,300 could die \u2013 seven to eight times the <a href=\"https:\/\/cdphe.colorado.gov\/covid-19\/data\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">number of deaths<\/a> so far, depending on how one counts \u2013 and we could send more than 16,600 critical patients to ICUs. Perfectly calibrated, we could fill all 1,800 critical-care beds for about two-and-a-half months \u2013 again fanciful given the realities of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI think too many people will die if health-care capacity is exceeded,\u201d said <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ucdenver.edu\/academics\/colleges\/PublicHealth\/About\/WhoWeAre\/Leadership\/OfficeoftheDean\/Pages\/deanbiography.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dr. Jonathan Samet<\/a>, dean of the Colorado School of Public Health and the leader of the Colorado COVID-19 Modeling Group. \u201cMost of us are still at risk. So if we said, \u2018Let\u2019s get it over with,\u2019 I think, with reasonable certainty, we\u2019d have thousands more deaths in Colorado and the country, and we\u2019d have catastrophe. That\u2019s why we have to have a very measured lightening of distancing measures, as much as people don\u2019t like it \u2013 including me.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>All this arithmetic assumes that contracting and recovering from COVID-19 confers complete immunity over the period of time it takes to get to herd immunity \u2013 otherwise, people could get re-infected and infect others. Disease recovery might provide such a shield, and it might not. Nobody knows, though <a href=\"https:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/368\/6493\/809\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">so far, so good<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>The Swedish example of herd immunity<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>What about Sweden? Sweden is going for herd immunity, with open cafes and restaurants and masks nary to be seen. It seemed like it was working: On April 26, the Swedish ambassador to the United States <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2020\/04\/26\/845211085\/stockholm-expected-to-reach-herd-immunity-in-may-swedish-ambassador-says\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">told NPR<\/a> that about 30% of Stockholm\u2019s population had \u201creached a level of immunity.\u201d Turns out the figure was <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2020\/05\/21\/health\/sweden-herd-immunity-coronavirus-intl\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">more like 7.3%<\/a> at the time. For that small step toward herd immunity, Sweden has seen about 50% more per-capita cases than its Scandinavian neighbors a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2020\/05\/15\/world\/europe\/sweden-coronavirus-deaths.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">27% jump in excess deaths<\/a>, far higher than surrounding countries that took much larger social-distancing steps. Despite encouraging senior citizens to stay at home \u2013 just as Colorado is doing under its new \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/cdphe.colorado.gov\/covid-19\/data\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Safer at Home<\/a>\u201d rules \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-52704836\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">half of Sweden\u2019s coronavirus deaths<\/a> have been in nursing homes. Safely sequestering seniors and those especially vulnerable to serious COVID-19 consequences is much easier in theory than in practice.<\/p>\n<p>There would be a flood of serious coronavirus cases anyway.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cOur own data for Colorado show that, of people receiving critical care, about 50% are under 60,\u201d Samet said. \u201cSo it\u2019s \u2013 and I\u2019m in that older age group \u2013 it\u2019s not just that we\u2019re going to \u2018harvest\u2019 our elders, which I don\u2019t think we want to do. We\u2019d have lots of young people who are sick as well. We\u2019re in this for the long run unless there\u2019s some surprise with the virus.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>As frustrated as we all are with the disruptions and pain the coronavirus has brought, attempting herd immunity without a vaccine looks to be a losing proposition, and one that would bring needless death and misery \u2013 especially considering the apparent progress of global efforts to develop vaccines in record time.<\/p>\n<p>The devil is in the details with herd immunity, and those details spell out a clear message: beware of the devil.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Going out, getting sick, and hastening herd immunity seems to be bubbling up as an alternative to taking all-too-familiar steps in the name of buying time until a vaccine finally subdues the coronavirus pandemic. That\u2019s a bad idea, though it\u2019s easy enough to understand its appeal. The metaphorical angel on one shoulder points to the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":32157,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[4859,4860],"class_list":["post-32150","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-healthy-living","tag-coronavirus","tag-covid-19"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.2 (Yoast SEO v27.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Is herd immunity the answer to the COVID-19 problem? - UCHealth Today<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Herd immunity requires that enough of the population is immune that the disease can\u2019t keep spreading even if some people remain vulnerable.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.uchealth.org\/today\/is-herd-immunity-the-answer-to-the-covid-19-problem\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Heard \u2018herd immunity\u2019 is the answer to the coronavirus problem? Not so fast.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Herd immunity requires that enough of the population is immune that the disease can\u2019t keep spreading even if some people remain vulnerable.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.uchealth.org\/today\/is-herd-immunity-the-answer-to-the-covid-19-problem\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"UCHealth Today\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/uchealthorg\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-05-28T17:15:50+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-07-17T16:09:56+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/uchealth-wp-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2020\/05\/28112952\/crowdtiny.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Todd Neff, for UCHealth\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@uchealth\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@uchealth\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Todd Neff, for UCHealth\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.uchealth.org\/today\/is-herd-immunity-the-answer-to-the-covid-19-problem\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.uchealth.org\/today\/is-herd-immunity-the-answer-to-the-covid-19-problem\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Todd Neff, for UCHealth\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.uchealth.org\/today\/#\/schema\/person\/da7733ff5562e48e55c027d111ee5911\"},\"headline\":\"Heard \u2018herd immunity\u2019 is the answer to the coronavirus problem? 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